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In C programming, handling input and output (I/O) is a fundamental task. The C standard library provides various functions to perform I/O operations efficiently. This guide covers the essential I/O functions in C, including examples for better understanding. Standard Input/Output Functions in C 1. `printf` Function : Used to print formatted output to the standard output (usually the screen).    #include <stdio.h>    int main() {        printf("Hello, World!\n");        return 0;    }     Output:     Hello, World! 2.`scanf` Function: Used to read formatted input from the standard input (usually the keyboard).     #include <stdio.h>    int main() {        int number;        printf("Enter an integer: ");        scanf("%d", &number);        printf("You entered: %d\n", number);        return 0;    }   Output(Example with input 5):     Enter an integer: 5    You entered: 5 3.`gets` Function(Note: deprecated in C11 and removed in C18)

In C programming, understanding data types is essential as they define the type of data that a variable can store. Here is an explanation of the primary data types in C: Basic Data Types Integer Types int : Represents integer numbers. Typically occupies 4 bytes. short : Smaller integer type, usually 2 bytes. long : Larger integer type, often 4 or 8 bytes. long long : Even larger integer type, usually 8 bytes. Floating-Point Types float : Single-precision floating-point number, usually 4 bytes. double : Double-precision floating-point number, typically 8 bytes. long double : Extended precision floating-point number, often 12 or 16 bytes. Character Type char : Used to store single characters, usually 1 byte. Derived Data Types Arrays An array is a collection where elements of the same type are stored sequentially in memory. Pointers Variables that hold the memory address of another variable. Structures ( struct ) A user-defined data type that combines variables of different types. Unions

  Variables and Their Types in C Programming In C programming, variables are fundamental components that store data values. They allow programmers to manipulate and manage data efficiently. What is a Variable? A variable is a named storage location in memory that holds a value which can change during the execution of a program. Variables are crucial for holding data that your program needs to handle Declaring and Initializing Variables To use a variable in C, you first need to declare it by specifying its type and name. Initialization involves giving the variable an initial value. Example: int age; // Declaration age = 25 ; // Initialization int score = 100 ; // Declaration and Initialization Types of Variables in C Variables in C can be categorized based on their data type and scope. Data Types of Variables Data Types of Variables    Use case Example   Int     Used to store integers.  

Introduction to C Programming C is a versatile and powerful general-purpose programming language created by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs. Renowned for its efficiency and control over system resources, C has become a foundational language in computer science and software engineering. Key Features of C Low-level Memory Access : C allows direct manipulation of memory using pointers, making it ideal for system-level programming. Portability : C programs can be compiled and run on various machine architectures with minimal modifications. Simplicity and Efficiency : C provides a straightforward syntax that maps efficiently to machine instructions. Modularity : Functions and separate files enable the creation of modular and maintainable code. Rich Standard Library : C includes a comprehensive set of libraries for various functions, enhancing its capabilities. Structure of a C Program A basic C program consists of the following components: Preprocessor Directives : Instru